K8s在2017年底为这场速战速决的站点话上了句号，结果是所有竞争对手都选择了增加对K8s的支持。在各自的编排器框架里内置了K8s。本文是根据Mesosphere公司的大拿Karl KARL ISENBERG在各种大会上分享过多次的一份演讲稿改版的。
KARL ISENBERG 是谁？
所在公司?
- Mesosphere（当前）
- Pivotal
做过的产品?
- DC/OS
- opensource
- CloudFoundry
- BOSH
联络信息：
- github.com/karlkfi
- twitter.com/karlkfi
- linkedin.com/in/karlkfi
- karl.isenberg.us
基础架构的进化
传统的应用架构在逐渐向下面两种架构演变。
可扩展的单体应用架构
关键词：
- Online 基于互联网
- Latency Routed 用户访问基于延迟路由
- Multi-Region 多区部署
- Load Balanced 负载均衡接入
- Multi-Zone 多个Zone
- Replicated 应用实例多副本
- Auto-Scaled 容量自动化收缩
- Data Replication 区内数据多副本
- Data Synchronization 跨区数据同步
可扩展的微服务架构
上图出处：Wheel of Doom ，来自A Journey into Microservices by Hailo
应用+裸金属服务器
APPLICATION PROVISIONING ON BARE METAL
应用+IaaS
APPLICATION PROVISIONING ON VIRTUAL INFRASTRUCTURE PLATFORM (IaaS)
“Ultimately, utility cloud providers have exposed how difficult it is to properly operate data centers — and reminded all of us that the ability to expertly operate infrastructure is what really fuels the consumption of open source infrastructure.” –Brian Stein (Rackspace VP - 2017)
应用+PaaS/aPaaS+IaaS
APPLICATION PLATFORM (PaaS / aPaaS) ON INFRASTRUCTURE PLATFORM (IaaS)
“The goal of Cloud Foundry is to put more of the controls back in the hands of developers so they can self-provision, so there aren’t a lot of roadblocks in their way. But it gives a lot of guardrails.” – Chip Childers (Cloud Foundry Foundation CTO - 2017)
容器编排器+IaaS
CONTAINER ORCHESTRATION ON INFRASTRUCTURE PLATFORM (IaaS)
“…traditional “PaaS” roles have now been taken over by containers… The piece that is left for PaaS is the part that was always the most important part of PaaS in the first place, and that’s the opinionated developer experience.” –Brendan Burns (Kubernetes Cofounder - 2017)
CaaS+IaaS
CONTAINER
PLATFORM
(CaaS)
ON
INFRASTRUCTURE
PLATFORM
(IaaS)
CaaS+裸金属服务器
CONTAINER PLATFORM (CaaS) ON BARE METAL
FaaS+IaaS
FUNCTION PLATFORM (FaaS) ON INFRASTRUCTURE PLATFORM (IaaS)
“If your PaaS can efficiently start instances in 20ms that run for half a second, then call it serverless.” –Adrian Cockcroft-(AWS VP - 2016)
FaaS+CaaS
FUNCTION
PLATFORM
(FaaS)
ON
CONTAINER
PLATFORM
(CaaS)
FaaS+CaaS+IaaS
FUNCTION PLATFORM (FaaS) ON CONTAINER PLATFORM (CaaS) ON INFRASTRUCTURE PLATFORM (IaaS)
平台频谱 - PLATFORM SPECTRUM
从左到右，资源的抽象程度不断提高；最左侧的弹性最高，最右侧的速率最高。
下图是不同类型里的厂商和软件。
容器平台层次
容器编排器的层次如下：
- User workloads 用户工作负载
- Distributed container management 分布式容器管理
- Local container management 本地容器管理
- Container agnostic infrastructure 容器无关性基础架构
容器平台的层次如下：
CONTAINER PLATFORM
- User workloads 用户工作负载
- System management & service enablement 系统管理和服务管理
- Distributed container management 分布式容器管理
- Local container management 本地容器管理
- Container aware infrastructure 容器感知的基础架构
- Container agnostic infrastructure 容器无关的基础架构
分布式操作系统的层次如下：
容器平台功能点
CONTAINER PLATFORM CAPABILITIES
运行态的能力
1 容器
- Resource Isolation
- Resource Constraints
- Process Tree
- Environment Isolation
- Shell / Exec
2 镜像
- Build
- Layers
- Download
- Cache
- Publish
- Prune
3 网络
- Container
- Bridge
- Host
- Virtual
- Overlay
- Remote
- User-defined
- Port Mapping
4 数据卷
- Ephemeral
- Host
- Backup / Restore
- Copy In / Out
- Shared
编排器的能力
调度
- Placement
- Replication/Scaling
- Readiness Checking
- Resurrection
- Rescheduling
- Rolling Updates
- Collocation
- Daemons
- Cron Jobs
资源管理
- Memory
- CPU
- GPU
- Ephemeral Volumes
- Remote Persistent Volumes
- Local Persistent Volumes
- Ports
- IPs (per container)
服务管理
- Labels
- Groups/Namespaces
- Dependencies
- Load Balancing (L7)
- VIPs (L3/L4 LB)
- DNS
- DNS Proxy
- Secrets
- Config Mgmt
运维方面的能力
管理
- GUI
- CLI
- Metrics API
- Logs API
- Events API
- Rolling Upgrades
- Backups & Restores
MULTI-INFRASTRUCTURE
- Multi-cloud
- Multi-zone
- Multi-region
- Hybrid-cloud
- Federation
系统服务
- Auto-Scaling
- Package Management
- Service Catalog
- Service Brokers
- Admin Proxy
- API Gateway
平台的能力
容器网络
- Overlay
- Routing
- Network Address Translation (NAT)
- Firewalls
- Access Control Lists
- Quality of Service
容器存储
- Local Volumes
- Remote Volumes
- Block Storage
- File System Storage
- Object Storage
平台数据库
- Lock Service
- Key-Value Database
- Relational Database
- Time Series Database
安全
- User Accounts
- Service Accounts
- System/User Space
- E2E Encryption
- Non-root User Workloads
- Audit Logging
- Public Key Infrastructure
- Certifications
多租户
- User Groups
- Permissions
- RBAC
- ABAC
- Resource Sharing
- FIFO
- Fair
- Quotas
- Branding
- Quality of Service
非功能需求
稳定性
- Performance
- Responsiveness
- Efficiency
可用性
- Fault Tolerance
- Robustness,
- Reliability,
- Resilience,
- Disaster Recovery
灵活性
- Format Support,
- Interoperability,
- Extensibility,
- Container Runtimes
可用度
- Familiarity,
- Maintainability,
- Compatibility,
- Debuggability
可移植性
- Host OS,
- Cloud,
- Bare-Metal,
- Hybrid
安全性
- Encryption Quality,
- Vulnerability Process,
- Fast Patching,
- Backporting
容器平台对比
市场里的主要技术厂商如下。
其它值得考虑的厂商如下。
下面的能力对比的时间点是 06/2017，这个时候K8s是否能胜出还是个悬念。
调度
图示说明：
- 绿勾：包含此能力
- 横杠：New/External/Partial/Experimental
资源管理
服务管理
如何选择
第一阵营：重量级
KUBERNETES
- Huge community
- Solid API
- Some assembly required
- Multitude of vendors/installers
OPENSHIFT
- Application platform based on Kubernetes
- Always trailing Kubernetes releases
- No assembly required
- Open core, enterprise platform
DC/OS
- Runs native applications (non-Docker)
- Specialized in data services
- Ambitious scope (on-prem AWS)
- No assembly required
- Open core, enterprise platform
DOCKER
- Huge community
- Fast moving API
- Integrated orchestration and runtime
- Recent pivot from runtime to orchestration
- Open core, enterprise platform
第二阵营：轻量级
EC2 CONTAINER SERVICE (ECS)
- Hosted-only solution
- Tight integration with AWS services
- Closed platform
RANCHER CATTLE
- Gateway to Kubernetes, Mesos, and Docker
- Open platform, enterprise support
NOMAD
- Provisioner with orchestration features
- Runs native applications (non-Docker)
- Tight integration with Vault and Consul
- Some assembly required
- Open platform, enterprise support
KONTENA
- Simple to set up
- No assembly required
- Open core, enterprise platform
Karl个人的考察点？
- Which is more important to you: velocity or flexibility?
- Do you want an opinionated application platform?
- Do you need to support Big Data initiatives and pipelines?
- Do you want a hosted solution?
- Are you willing to build out your own integrations?
- Do you need on-prem & hybrid capabilities?
- Do you want to avoid infrastructure lock-in?
- Are you already invested in a specific infrastructure?
- Are you already invested in a specific operating system?
- Do you need federation and multi-regionsupport?
- Do you want multi-tenancy or is multi-instance good enough?
- How important are seamless automated rolling upgrades?
- How many nines do your customers need?
- How important is reverse compatibility & API stability?
- Do you need to support non-Docker workloads?